Bibliography of Pseudoarchaeology

“Outside of a dog, man’s best friend is a book. Inside of a dog, it’s too dark to read.”
~ Groucho Marx

 

The following is the beginning of a list of sources written by professional historians, archaeologists, physicists, geologists, etc., addressing pseudoarchaeological and pseudohistorical claims (or reporting data relevant to such claims). Links to the publishers’ on-line versions are provided when available.

 

Contents

• Encyclopedias of Pseudoarchaeology and Pseudoscience
• General Discussions of Pseudoscience
• General Discussions of Pseudoarchaeology
• Specific Claims/Topics
  • Afrocentrism
  • Ancient Astronauts
  • Atlantis
  • Biblical “Artifacts”
    • James Ossuary
    • Noah’s Ark
    • Paluxy River Footprints
    • The Shroud of Turin
  • Biblical Literalism/Creationism
  • Bosnian Pyramids
  • Dowsing
  • Fakes and Frauds
    • The Cardiff Giant (and other “petrified man” hoaxes)
    • Crystal Skulls (of Doom and of Love, but mostly of Doom)
    • The Holly Oak Pendant
    • “Old World” inscriptions
    • Romans in Tucson
    • Sandia Cave
    • Shinichi Fujimura and the Japanese Early Paleolithic Hoax
    • Other Fakes
  • Hindutva (Hindu Nationalism)
  • Lemuria and Moo
  • Mystery Hill (America’s Stonehenge^®) and Northeast Stone Chambers
  • Native American Literalism/Creationism
  • Nazis, Pseudoarchaeology, and Pseudoscience
  • Piltdown and Preposterous Paleontology
  • Psychic Archaeology (and Other Psi-Related Nonsense)
  • Pyramids, Pyramid Construction, Pyramidology
  • Stonehenge
  • Vikings in America, Kensington Runestone, and the Newport Tower

Encyclopedias of Pseudoarchaeology and Pseudoscience

Feder, K. L.
2010. Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood

Shermer, M. and P. Linse (eds.)
2002. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience (2 vol.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

General Discussions of Pseudoscience

General Discussions of Pseudoarchaeology

Allchin, D.
2004. Pseudohistory and pseudoscience. Science & Education 13(3):179–195

Andersson, P.
2012. Alternative archaeology: many pasts in our present. Numen 59:125–137

Cole, J. R.
1980a. Cult archaeology and unscientific method and theory. In Advances in Archaeological Methods and Theory, M. B. Schiffer, ed., volume 3, pp. 1–33. Academic Press

1980b. ‘Cult’ archeology. Mississippi Archaeology 15(2):3–8

Dutch, S. I.
1982. Notes on the nature of fringe science. Journal of Geological Education 30:6–13

Fagan, G. G.
2002. Alternative archaeology. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 1, Pp. 9–16. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

Fagan, G. G. and K. L. Feder
2006. Crusading against straw men: an alternative view of alternative archaeologies: response to Holtorf (2005). World Archaeology 38(4):718–729

Feder, K. L.
1984. Irrationality and popular archaeology. American Antiquity 49(3):525–541

1986. The challenges of pseudoscience. Journal of College Science Teaching 15(3):180–186

2010. Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood

Holtorf, C.
2005. Beyond crusades: how (not) to engage with alternative archaeologies. World Archaeology 37(4):544–551

Meyer, W. B.
1987. Vernacular American theories of Earth science. Journal of Geological Education 35:193–196

Michlovic, M. G.
1990. Folk archaeology in anthropological perspective. Current Anthropology 31(1):103–107

Pratkanis, A. R.
1995. How to sell a pseudoscience. Skeptical Inquirer, 19(4):19–25

Stiebing, W. H.
1984. Popular theories and “the establishment”. In Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions and Other Popular Theories About Man’s Past, pp. 167–176. Amherst, New York: Prometheus

Zimmerman, L. J.
2008. Unusual or “extreme” beliefs about the past, community identity, and dealing with the fringe. In Collaboration in Archaeological Practice: Engaging Descendant Communities, C. Colwell-Chanthaphonh and T. Ferguson, eds., Pp. 55–86. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira

Specific Claims/Topics

Afrocentrism

Daniel, G.
1977. Book review: America B.C. and They Came Before Columbus. New York Times, 13 March 1977

Fritze, R.
2002. Pseudoarchaeology: Precolumbian discoverers of America as a test case. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 2, pp. 567–579. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

Haslip-Viera, G., B. Ortiz de Montellano, and W. Barbour
1997. Robbing native american cultures: van Sertima’s afrocentricity and the Olmecs. Current Anthropology 38(3):419–441

Randi, J.
1987. The paper chariots in flames. In Flim Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns and Other Delusions, pp. 109–130. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus

Rowe, W. F.
1995. School daze: a critical review of the ‘African-American Baseline Essays’ for science and mathematics. Skeptical Inquirer 19(5):27–32

Ortiz de Montellano, B., G. Haslip-Viera, and W. Barbour
1997. They were NOT here before Columbus: Afrocentric hyperdiffusionism in the 1990s. Ethnohistory 44(2):199–234

Ancient Astronauts

Colavito, J.
2004. Charioteer of the Gods: H.P. Lovecraft and the invention of ancient astronauts. Skeptic 10(4):36–38

Cole, J. R.
1980a. Cult archaeology and unscientific method and theory. In Advances in Archaeological Methods and Theory, M. B. Schiffer, ed., volume 3, pp. 1–33. Academic Press

Epstein, S. M.
1987. “Scholars will call it nonsense”; the structure of Erich von Däniken’s argument. Expedition 29(3):12–18

Feder, K. L.
2002a. Ancient astronauts. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 1, pp. 17–22. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO 

Ferris, T.
1974. Playboy interview: Erich von Däniken. Playboy, pp. 52ff

Randi, J.f
1987. The paper chariots in flames. In Flim Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns and Other Delusions, pp. 109–130. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus

Sagan, C.
1979. Night walkers and mystery mongers: sense and nonsense at the edge of science. In Broca’s Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science, pp. 51–76. New York: Presidio Press

Stiebing, W. H.
1984. The search for ancient astronauts. In Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions and Other Popular Theories About Man’s Past, pp. 81–106. Amherst, New York: Prometheus

Story, R.
1976. The Space Gods Revealed: A Close Look at the Theories of Erich von Däniken. New York: Barnes and Noble.

Wojciehowski, E.
2002. Ancient astronauts: Zecharia Sitchin as a case study. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 2, Pp. 530–536. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

Atlantis

Braymer, M.
1983. Atlantis—Biography of a Legend. New York: McElderry/Atheneum

Castleden, R.
1998. Atlantis Destroyed. London: Routledge

Ellis, R.
1998. Imagining Atlantis. New York: Knopf

Fagan, G. G. and C. Hale
2001. The new Atlantis and the dangers of pseudohistory. Skeptic 9(1):78–87

Forsyth, P. Y.
1982. Atlantis: The Making of a Myth. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press

Gardner, M.
1957b. Atlantis and Lemuria. In Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, pp. 164–172. New York: Dover

Linse, P.
2002. Atlantis: the search for the lost continent. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 1, Pp. 297–307. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

McKusick, M. B.
1984. Psychic archaeology from Atlantis to Oz. Archaeology 37(5):48–52

Ramage, E. S. and J. R. Fears
1978. Atlantis, Fact or Fiction? Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Sprague de Camp, L.
1976a. Atlantis and the City of Silver. In Citadels of Mystery: Unsolved Puzzles of Archaeology, Atlantis, Stonehenge, Tintagel and More, pp. 1–26. New York: Fontana/Collins

Sprague de Camp, L.
1954. Lost Continents; The Atlantis Theme in History, Science, and Literature. New York: Gnome

Stiebing, W. H.
1984. Atlantis, the sunken continent. In Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions and Other Popular Theories About Man’s Past, pp. 29–56. Amherst, New York: Prometheus

Wauchope, R.
1962. Lost Tribes and Sunken Continents: Myth and Method in the Study of American Indians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Biblical “Artifacts”

Noah’s Ark

Cline, E.
2007. Raiders of the faux arc. Boston Globe, pp. D1–D2

Paluxy River Footprints

Milne, D. H. and S. D. Schafersman
1983. Dinosaur tracks, erosion marks and midnight chisel work (but no human footprints) in the Cretaceous limestone of the Paluxey River bed, Texas. Journal of Geological Education 31:111– 123

The Shroud of Turin

Cunningham, C.
2002. The Shroud of Turin. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 1, pp. 213–216. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

Nickell, J.
1987. Inquest on the Shroud of Turin. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus

2001. Mystery of the holy shroud. In: Investigating the Paranormal, pp. 150–156. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Steers, E.
2013. The Shroud of Turin: Tell me what you want to believe and I will tell you what you will believe. In Hoax: Hitler’s Diaries, Lincoln’s Assassins, and Other Famous Frauds, pp. 117–150. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press

Biblical Literalism/Creationism

Binder, A. J.
2002. Contentious Curricula: Afrocentrism and Creationism in American Public Schools. Princeton, New Jersey: University Press

Branch, G. and E. C. Scott
2013. Peking, Piltdown, and Paluxy: creationist legends about paleoanthropology. Evolution: Education and Outreach 6:27

Brice, W. R.
1982. Bishop Ussher, John Lightfoot and the age of creation. Journal of Geological Education 30:18–24

Brush, S. G.
1982. Finding the age of the Earth by physics or by faith? Journal of Geological Education 30:34–58

Dutch, S. I.
2002. Religion as belief versus religion as fact. Journal of Geoscience Education 50(2):137–144

Eglin, P. G. and M. W. Graham
1982. Creationism challenges geology; a retreat to the Eighteenth Century. Journal of Geological Education 30:14–17

Gardner, M.
1957. Geology versus Genesis. In Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, pp. 123–139. New York: Dover

Gould, S. J.
1989. An essay on a pig roast. Natural History 98(1):14–25

Groves, C.
1996. From Ussher to Slusher, from Archbish to Gish: or, not in a million years… Archaeology in Oceania 31(3):145–151 

Stiebing, W. H.
1984. The deluge. In Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions and Other Popular Theories About Man’s Past, pp. 3–28. Amherst, New York: Prometheus

Thagard, P. and S. Findlay
2010. Getting to Darwin: obstacles to accepting evolution by natural selection. Science & Education 19:625–636

Park, S. B.
2012. South Korea surrenders to creationist demands. Nature 486:14

Bosnian Pyramids

Bohannon, John
2006a. Mad about pyramids. Science 313(5794):1718–1720

2006b. Researchers helpless as Bosnian pyramid bandwagon gathers pace. Science 314(5807):1862

Kampschror, B.
2006. Pyramid scheme. Archaeology 59(4):22–28

Ruffell, A., N. Majury, and W. E. Brooks
2012. Geological fakes and frauds. Earth-Science Reviews 111:224–231

Dowsing

van Leusen, M.
Dowsing and archaeology. Archaeological Prospection Pp. 123–138

Novella, S. and P. DeAngelis
2002. Dowsing. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 1, Pp. 93–94. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

Fakes and Frauds

The Cardiff Giant (and other “petrified man” hoaxes)

Dunn, J. T.
1948. The Cardiff Giant hoax. New York History 29(3):367–377

Franco, B.
1969. The Cardiff Giant: a hundred year old hoax. New York History 50(4):420–440

Pettit, M.
2006. “The joy in believing” the Cardiff Giant, commercial deceptions, and styles of observation in gilded age America. Isis 97(4):659–677

Runyon, C. and R. K. Mills
2008. “The most wonderful thing I have seen”; Indiana’s contribution to petrified man hoaxes. Indiana Magazine of History 104:367–378

Sagan, C.
1979. Night walkers and mystery mongers: sense and nonsense at the edge of science. In Broca’s Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science, pp. 51–76. New York: Presidio Press

Tribble, S.
2009. A Colossal Hoax; The Giant from Cardiff that Fooled America. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield

Crystal Skulls (of Doom and of Love, but mostly of Doom)

Morant, G. M.
1936. A morphological comparison of two crystal skulls. Man 36:105–107

Sax, M., J. M. Walsh, I. C. Freestone, A. H. Rankin, and N. D. Meeks
2008. The origins of two purportedly pre-Columbian Mexican crystal skulls. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:2751–2760

Walsh, J. M.
2008. Legend of the crystal skulls. Archaeology 61(3):36ff

Holly Oak Pendant

Griffin, J. B., D. J. Meltzer, B. D. Smith, and W. C. Sturtevant
1988. A mammoth fraud in science. American Antiquity 53(3):578–582

Kraft, J. C. and R. A. Thomas
1976. Early man at Holly Oak, Delaware. Science 192(4241):756–761

Meltzer, D. J. and W. C. Sturtevant
1983. The Holly Oak shell game: an historic archaeological fraud. In Lulu Linear Punctated: Essays in Honor of G. Irving Quimby, R. C. Dunnell and D. K. Grayson, eds., volume 72 of Anthropological Papers, pp. 325–352. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan

Sturtevant, W. C., D. J. Meltzer, J. C. Kraft, and J. F. Custer
1985. The Holly Oak pendant. Science 227(4684):242ff

“Old World” inscriptions

McKusick, M. B.
1970. The Davenport Conspiracy. Iowa City: Office of the State Archaeologist

1991. The Davenport Conspiracy Revisited. Ames: Iowa State University Press

McVicker, D.
2007. Elephant Pipes and Israelite Tablets: the controversy between the United States Bureau of Ethnography and the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 17(1):9-19.

Romans in Tucson, Arizona

Burgess, D.
2009. Romans in Tucson? The story of an archaeological hoax. Journal of the Southwest 51(1):3–135

Sandia Cave

Preston, D.
1995. The mystery of Sandia Cave. The New Yorker, June 12, pp. 66ff.

Shinichi Fujimura and the Japanese Early Paleolithic Hoax

Hudson, M. J.
2005. For the people, by the people: postwar Japanese archaeology and the Early Paleolithic hoax. Anthropological Science 113:131–139

Normile, D.
2001. Japanese fraud highlights media-driven research ethic. Science 291(5501):34–35

Romey, K. M.
2001. “God’s hands” did the Devil’s work. Archaeology, 54(1):16

Shimbun, M.
2000. Fraudulent archaeology. Mainichi Daily News, Tuesday, November 7

Other Fakes

Preston, D.
1999. Woody’s dream. The New Yorker, November 15, pp. 80–87

Stanish, C.
2009. Forging ahead. Archaeology 62(3):16ff

Hindutva (Hindu Nationalism)

Bernbeck, R. and S. Pollock
1996. Ayodha, archaeology, and identity. Current Anthropology 37:S138–S142

Brown, C. M.
2010. Hindu responses to Darwinism: assimilation and rejection in a Colonial and post-Colonial context. Science & Education 19:705– 738

Witzel, M.
2016. Rama’s realm: Indocentric rewritings of early South Asian archaeology and history. In Lost City, Found Pyramid: Understanding Alternative Archaeologist and Pseudoscientific Practices, J. J. Card and D. C. Anderson, eds., pp. 203–232. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press

Lemuria and Moo

Gardner, M.
1957. Atlantis and Lemuria. In Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, pp. 164–172. New York: Dover

McDaniel, S.
2007. The lure of Moo. Archaeology 60(1):48–51

Sprague de Camp, L.
1952. The mountain of light. Science Fiction Quarterly 1(6):98–103

1976a. Atlantis and the City of Silver. In Citadels of Mystery: Unsolved Puzzles of Archaeology, Atlantis, Stonehenge, Tintagel and More, pp. 1–26. New York: Fontana/Collins

1976b. Nan Matol and the sacred turtle. In Citadels of Mystery: Unsolved Puzzles of Archaeology, Atlantis, Stonehenge, Tintagel and More, pp. 221–236. New York: Fontana/Collins

Mystery Hill (“America’s Stonehenge^®“), New Hampshire, and Northeast Stone Chambers

Cole, J. R.
1979. Inscription mania, hyperdiffusionism and the public: fallout from a 1977 meeting in Vermont. Man in the Northeast 17:27–54

1980. “Enigmatic” stone structures in western Massachusetts. Current Anthropology 21(2):269–270

1982. Western Massachusetts “Monks Caves”: 1979 University of Massachusetts field research. Man in the Northeast 24:37–69

Daniel, G.
1977. Book review: America B.C. and They Came Before Columbus. New York Times, 13 March 1977

Frost, F. J. and M. Newell
1993. Voyages of the imagination. Archaeology 46(2):44–51

Hencken, H.
1939. The “Irish monastery” at North Salem, New Hampshire. The New England Quarterly 12(3):429–442

1940. What are Pattee’s Caves? Scientific American 163(5):258–259

Neudorfer, G.
1979. Vermont’s stone chambers: their myth and their history. Vermont History 47(2):79–147

1980. Vermont’s Stone Chambers; An Inquiry Into Their Past. Barre, Vermont: Vermont Historical Society

Rothvius, A. E.
1963. A possible megalithic settlement complex at North Salem, N.H.; and apparently related structures elsewhere in New England. The Bulletin [of the New York State Archeological Association], 27:2–12

Swauger, J. L.
1976. The stone structure of Mystery Hill, North Salem, New Hampshire, USA. Almogaren 7:191–198

Van’t Land, G.
2016. America’s Stonehenge: did a highly developed civilization of European origin build a sophisticated astronomical and religious monument on the American east coast more than 3000 years ago? Skeptic 21(1):9–15

Native American Literalism/Creationism

Clark, G. A.
1999. NAGPRA, science, and the demon-haunted world. Skeptical Inquirer 23(3):44–48

Feder, K. L.
2002. Pseudoarchaeology: Native American myths as a test case. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 2, Pp. 556–566. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

Milanich, J. T.
1999. Much ado about a circle. Archaeology 52(5):22–25

Nazis, Pseudoarchaeology, and Pseudoscience

Arnold, B.
1990. The past as propaganda: totalitarian archaeology in Nazi Germany. Antiquity 64:464–478

1992. The past as propaganda. Archaeology 45(4):30–37

2004. Dealing with the devil: the Faustian bargain of archaeology under dictatorship. In Archaeology Under Dictatorship, M. L. Galaty and C. Watkinson, eds., Pp. 191–212. New York: Kluwer

Gardner, M.
1957a. Apologists for hate. In Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, pp. 152–163. New York: Dover

Härke, H.
2014. Archaeology and Nazism: A warning from prehistory. In Archaeological and Linguistic Research: Materials of the Humboldt-Conference (Simferopol-Yalta, 20-23 September, 2012), pp. 32–43. Kiev: Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung/Foundation

Hare, L. J.
2014. Nazi archaeology abroad: German prehistorians and the international dynamics of collaboration. Patterns of Prejudice 48(1):1–24

Junker, K.
1998. Research under dictatorship: the German Archaeological Institute: 1929–1945. Antiquity, 72(276):282–292

Kurlander, E.
2015. Hitler’s supernatural sciences: astrology, anthroposophy, and World Ice Theory in the Third Reich. In Revisiting the “Nazi Occult”; Histories, Realities, Legacies, M. Black and E. Kurlander, eds., pp. 132–156. Rochester, New York: Camden House

Link, F. and J. L. Hare
2015. Pseudoscience reconsidered: SS research and the archaeology of Haithabu. In Revisiting the “Nazi Occult”; Histories, Realities, Legacies, M. Black and E. Kurlander, eds., Pp. 105–131. Rochester, New York: Camden House

Maischberger, M.
2002. German archaeology during the Third Reich, 1933–45: a case study based on archival evidence. Antiquity 76(291):209–218

Pringle, H.
2006a. The Master Plan: Himmler’s Scholars and the Holocaust. New York: Hyperion.
2006b. Hitler’s willing archaeologists. Archaeology 59(2): 44–49.

Sheaffer, R.
2009. Nazi saucers and antigravity. Skeptical Inquirer 33(1):13–15

Summerhayes, C. and P. Beeching
2007. Hitler’s Antarctic base: the myth and the reality. Polar Record 43(224):1–21

Szczepanski, S.
2009. Archaeology in the service of the Nazis: Himmler’s propaganda and the excavations at the hillfort site in Stary Dzierzgon (Alt Christburg). Lietuvos Archeologija 35:83–94

Piltdown and Preposterous Paleontology

Branch, G. and E. C. Scott
2013. Peking, Piltdown, and Paluxy: creationist legends about paleoanthropology. Evolution: Education and Outreach 6:27

Gould, S. J.
1989. An essay on a pig roast. Natural History 98(1):14–25

Hooton, E. A.
1954. Comments on the Piltdown affair. American Anthropologist 56(2):287–289

Milner, R.
2002. Piltdown Man (hoax): famous fossil forgery. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 1, Pp. 173–177. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

Ruffell, A., N. Majury, and W. E. Brooks
2012. Geological fakes and frauds. Earth-Science Reviews 111:224–231

Psychic Archaeology (and Other Psi-Related Nonsense)

Dobkin de Rios, M.
2006. Anthropologist as fortuneteller. Skeptic 12(4):44–49

McKusick, M. B.
1984. Psychic archaeology from Atlantis to Oz. Archaeology 37(5):48–52

Pyramids, Pyramid Construction, Pyramidology

DeHaan,H.J.
2014. More insight from physics into the construction of the Egyptian pyramids. Archaeometry 56:145–174

Derricourt, R.
2012. Pyramidologies of Egypt: a typological review. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22(3):353–363

Edwards, J. F.
2003. Building the Great Pyramid: probable construction methods employed at Giza. Technology and Culture 44(2):340–354

Folk, R. L. and D. H. Campbell
1992. Are the pyramids of Egypt built of poured concrete blocks? Journal of Geological Education 40:25–34

Gardner, M.
1957. The Great Pyramid. In Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, pp. 173–185. New York: Dover

Lally, M.T.
1989. Engineering a pyramid. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 26: 207-218.

Linse, P.
2002. Pyramids; the mystery of their origins. In The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, M. Shermer and P. Linse, eds., volume 1, Pp. 397–412. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO

Mendelssohn, K.
1971. A scientist looks at the pyramids: engineering evidence connected with the building of the Great pyramids suggests conclusions that go far beyond the problems of pyramid design. American Scientist 59(2):210–220

Morris, M.
1993. How not to analyze pyramid stone; the invalid conclusions of James A. Harrell and Bret E. Penrod. Journal of Geological Education, 41:364–369

Müller-Römmer, F.
2008. A new consideration of the construction methods of the ancient Egyptian pyramids. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 44:113–140

2017. Basic considerations on the construction of pyramids in the Old Kingdom. In: Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Egyptologists, Florence, Italy 23-30 August 2015, pp. 437-440. Archaeopress.

Sprague de Camp, L.
1976 Pyramid hill and the claustrophobic king. In Citadels of Mystery: Unsolved Puzzles of Archaeology, Atlantis, Stonehenge, Tintagel and More, pp. 27–42. New York: Fontana/Collins

Stiebing, W. H.
1984. Mysteries of the pyramids. In Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions and Other Popular Theories About Man’s Past, pp. 107–130. Amherst, New York: Prometheus

Stonehenge

Chippindale, C.
1986. Stonehenge astronomy: anatomy of a modern myth. Archaeology 39(1):48–52

Sprague de Camp, L.
1976. Stonehenge and the giants’ dance. In Citadels of Mystery: Unsolved Puzzles of Archaeology, Atlantis, Stonehenge, Tintagel and More, pp. 43–66. New York: Fontana/Collins